Humulin Human Insulin Injection

1. Indications and Usage
Diabetes Mellitus: Treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Hyperglycemia: Regulation of glucose metabolism and lowering of elevated blood glucose levels in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
2. Dosage and Administration
Route: Subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, or intravenous injection (medical personnel only).
Frequency: Dosage is individualized based on blood glucose monitoring results.
Injection Sites: Abdomen, thigh, buttocks, or upper arm. Rotation of sites is required to prevent lipodystrophy.
Administration: Injection should be administered within 30 minutes before a carbohydrate-containing meal.
3. Mechanism of Action
Glucose Uptake: Promotes glucose uptake and utilization by the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.
Glycogenesis: Promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles.
Inhibition: Inhibits gluconeogenesis, thereby reducing blood glucose levels.
4. Safety and Warnings
Hypoglycemia: The most common adverse reaction. Symptoms include sweating, palpitations, tremors, dizziness, and hunger.
Allergic Reactions: Local allergic reactions (redness, itching at the injection site) or systemic allergic reactions may occur.
Special Populations: Elderly patients, patients with kidney or liver disease, and pregnant women require careful dose adjustment.
5. Adverse Reactions and Clinical Research
Adverse Reactions: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions, and lipodystrophy.
Clinical Research: Clinical evidence supports its efficacy in maintaining long-term glycemic control and reducing the risk of diabetes-related complications.
6. Drug Interactions
Agents Increasing Glucose: Oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, and thyroid hormones may increase blood glucose, requiring an increase in insulin dosage.
Agents Decreasing Glucose: Oral antidiabetic agents, aspirin, sulfonamides, and certain antidepressants may decrease blood glucose, requiring a reduction in insulin dosage.
Alcohol: Avoid consumption of alcoholic beverages.
7. Pharmaceutical Information
Active Ingredient: Recombinant human insulin.
Excipients: Includes zinc chloride, glycerin, m-cresol, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and water for injection.
Appearance: Clear and colorless liquid.
Storage: Store in a refrigerator at 2–8°C. Do not freeze or expose to direct light.